The book was prepared on the basis of the Project ‘Family, Clan and Tribal Emblems in the History of Culture of Ancient and Medieval Central Asia’ realized by the group of autors and the International Institute for Central Asian Studies in 2016-2017. The goals of the project are the high-quality publication and analysis of new or little-known complexes in the West of pre-Islamic Central Asia with the signs of Iranian ‘nishan’ / Turk ‘tamga’ types (performing the functions of the emblem, signs of ownership, ownership, involvement etc.). The book raises and solves important methodological issues of the study of the sign system embodied in tamgas. The main chronological framework of the Project – the 6th-5th cc. BCE – the 8th-9th cc. CE. The publication is addressed to specialists - historians, ethnologists and museum curators, as well as a wide range of readers interested in political and social history, religion, genealogy and the settlement of the peoples of Central Asia and neighboring regions in the distant past.